Bashkësitë dhe veprimet me bashkësi

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Sa elemente ka bashkesia {11,12.....29}?

Përcaktimi i bashkësive[redakto]

Në matematikë bashkësië caktohen në dy mënyra:

  • (1) me numërimin e të gjitha elementeve
A Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} {a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , an } ose
  • (2) me përshkrimin e vetive karakteristike të elementeve:
A Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} {x Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mid} F(x)} .

Në formulën e fundit F(x) paraget një funksion gjykimesh me variablen x, kurse A bashkësinë e elementeve të atilla që kur cilido prej tyre zëvendësohet në F(x) e shndërron atë në gjykim të saktë.

Relacioni i përkatëshmërisë[redakto]

Me formulën aNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} A përcaktohet se a është element i bashkësisë A ( a i përket bashkësisë A) dhe quhet relacion i përkatshmërisë. Negacioni i këtij relacioni shënohet : bNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \not \in } A ose Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle { \lnot }} (bNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} A).

Bashkësia e zbrazët[redakto]

Bashkësia që nuk e përmban asnjë element quhet bashkësi e zbrazët (vakante) dhe shënohet me simbolin Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle { \varnothing }} . P.sh. bashkësia e zgjidhjeve të ekuacionit x2 + 1 Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} 0 në fushën e numrave realë është bashkësi e zbrazët.

Bashkësitë numerike[redakto]

Në matematikë rëndom shqyrtohen bashkësitë elementet e të cilave janë objekte matematikore. Bashkësitë që kanë për objekte (elemente) numra të ndryshëm quhen bashkësi numerike. Bashkësitë më të rëndësishme numerike janë: bashkesit kuptimi dhe elementet e alfabetit

  • (1) Bashkësia e numrave natyralë : Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{N}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} { 1, 2, 3, . . . , n, n + 1, . . . } ;
  • (2) Bashkësia e numrave të plotë : Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{Z}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} { . . . , - 2, -1, 0,1, 2, . . . } ;
  • (3) Bashkësia e numrave racionalë : Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{Q}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle { \{ } \scriptstyle {p \over q }} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mid} pNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{Z}} , qNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{N}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \displaystyle { \} }}  :
  • (4) Bashkësia e numrave realë : Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{R}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} {xNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mid} -Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle { \infty }} < x < +Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle { \infty }} } ;
  • (5) Bashkësia e numrave kompleksë : Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{C}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} {x+iyNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mid} xNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{R}} , yNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{R}} , iNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle { \sqrt{-1} }} } ;
  • (6) Bashkësia e numrave çiftë (parë) : Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathbb{N}_{p} }} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} {nNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mid} nNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{N}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \land} nNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \vdots} 2} ;
  • (7) Bashkësia e numrave tekë (cupë) : Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathbb{N}_{c} }} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} {nNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mid} nNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{N}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \land} nNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \not \vdots} 2}.

Nënbashkësistë[redakto]

Përkufizimi[redakto]

Bashkësia A quhet nënbashkësi e bashkësisë B, nëse çdo element i bashkësisë A është njëherit element edhe i bashkësisë B[1]

Formulimi i përkufizimit[redakto]

AB(Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{ \forall }} xNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} A):xNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} ANuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle { \Rightarrow } } xNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} B,
ku simboli lexohet: sipas përkufzimit atëherë dhe vetëm atëherë.

Vetitë[redakto]

Formula AB quhet relacioni i inkluzionit ose i përfshirjes, simboli është shenja e atij relacioni.

Mbibashkësitë[redakto]

Sinonim i relacionit AB është AB, ku B është mbibashkësi e bashkësisë A.

Nga përkufizimi 2.1.1. dalin këto dy inkluzione:

AA dhe Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle { \varnothing }} A (...8)
për çdo bashkësi A .

Nënbashkësia e vërtet[redakto]

Kur AA dhe Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{ \exists }} xNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} B ashtu që xNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \not \in } A, thuhet se A është nënbashkësi (pjesë) e vërtetë e bashkësisë B dhe shënohet AB. Negacioni i këtij relacioni shënohet AB. P.sh.: Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{N}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{Z}} , Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{Z}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{Q}} , Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{Q}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{R}} , Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathbb{N}_{p} }} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb{N}} , Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathbb{N}_{p} }} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathbb{N}_{c} }} , {a,b,c} {a,b,d,e,f}.

Përkufizimi[redakto]

Bashkësia e pjesëve të bashkësisë A quhet bashkësia e të gjitha nënbashkësive të bashkësisë A[2], pra :

P(A){XNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mid} XA} . (...9)

Koncepti i bashkësive[redakto]

Në bazë të këtij përkufizimi mund të konkludohet se bashkësia dhe elementi janë koncepte relative - A mund të konsiderohet si bashkësi të elementeve të caktuara ANuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} {xNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mid} F(x)} , por edhe si element i bashkësisë së caktuar ANuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \in} P(A) .

Barazia e bashkësive[redakto]

Nëse bashkësia A është e fundme dhe ka n elemente, atëherë bashkësia P(A) ka Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k}} Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} 2n elemente.

Përkufizimi[redakto]

Dy bashkësi A, B janë të barabarta atëherë dhe vetëm atëherë, kur AB dhe BA [3]

Formulimi i përkufizimit[redakto]

ANuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} BABNuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \land} BA. (...10)

Për shembullê: {a, b, c}Nuk e kuptoj (MathML: Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/sq.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle{=}} {b, a, c}.

  1. ↑ Matematika I dhe II i Entit të Teksteve dhe Mjeteve Mësimore të KSA të Kosovës, Fakulteti Teknik në Prishtinë (1979).
  2. ↑ Matematika I dhe II i Entit të Teksteve dhe Mjeteve Mësimore të KSA të Kosovës, Fakulteti Teknik në Prishtinë (1979).
  3. ↑ Matematika I dhe II i Entit të Teksteve dhe Mjeteve Mësimore të KSA të Kosovës, Fakulteti Teknik në Prishtinë (1979).
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